Dwight D. Eisenhower Research Paper Free Essays

string(47) Eisenhower and his VP, Richard M. Rainey Hampton December 2011 3:A Speech World War Two Speech There must be no peons in this nation. †President Dwight D. Eisenhower. We will compose a custom paper test on Dwight D. Eisenhower Research Paper or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Dwight D. Eisenhower, General of the Army and the 34th President of the United States, was an amazing warrior, yet in addition an incredible pioneer. Bringing to his administration his notoriety for being an instructing general of the effective soldiers in Europe during World War II, Eisenhower made sure about a détente in Korea and worked unendingly during his two terms to facilitate the strains of the Cold War. Eisenhower’s â€Å"Modern Republicanism† brought a feeling that all is well with the world and respect to an unsure America Was said of him by US History. Com Early years Dwight David Eisenhower was conceived on October fourteenth, 1890, in a house in Denison, Texas. His predecessors had emigrated from Germany to Pennsylvania right off the bat in the eighteenth century. After a short remain in Texas, the family moved to Abilene, Kansas. His dad, David, filled in as a repairman in a nearby creamery. His mom, Ida, a Mennonite, was a radical (didn’t have confidence in savagery and war ). Eisenhower was an extremely aware kid he did tasks around the house, had an adoration for chasing and angling, yet in addition getting a charge out of baseball and football †turning into a star competitor. He had negligible enthusiasm for school subjects, yet energetically read military history. Eisenhower moved on from Abilene High School in 1909. Following two years of maintaining odd sources of income, he was named to the Naval Academy at Annapolis, however was unreasonably old for permission. Be that as it may, in 1910, he got an arrangement to West Point. West Point Despite the fact that Eisenhower had no primer aspirations to turn into a trooper, he entered West Point †pulled in by a free advanced education †and finished the selection tests in 1911. Eisenhower was a normal understudy at the institute, yet later astounded the military network with uncommon capacity. At a certain point, he about needed to resign his investigations in view of a games injury. Positioning 61st out of 164 in his group, Eisenhower graduated in 1915. World War I While positioned at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, Eisenhower met his dearest and future first woman, Mamie Geneva Doud, whom he wedded in Denver, Colorado, on July 1, 1916. The couple had two children: Doud Dwight Eisenhower, who kicked the bucket in early stages from red fever, and John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower. Eisenhower was elevated to chief in 1917 when America entered World War I. Only two years into his military profession, he had just been seen by his bosses as a youthful official with superb authoritative aptitudes. Therefore, Eisenhower was not sent over oceans however sent to Camp Colt,Gettysburg. At the camp, one of America’s first tank units was being framed, and it was Eisenhower’s employment to prepare the men. His administration aptitudes got self-evident, and despite the fact that Eisenhower had not seen battle yet, he was granted the Distinguished Service Medal. Further instruction Eisenhower would proceed with his interest with tanks. He met Colonel George S. Patton, future tank general, at Camp Meade in Maryland. Eisenhower was appointed to the Panama Canal Zone in 1922, where Brigadier General Fox Connor quickly turned into his tutor. With enormous military-history skill, General Connor showed Eisenhower technique and strategies from his own encounters, just as other political and military experiences. As per Connor, youthful Eisenhower was positioned at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he went to the Command and General Staff School †a preparation ground for promising pioneers. While there, Eisenhower got the respect of best understudy out of a class of 300 out of 1926. By 1928, Eisenhower had likewise graduated first in quite a while class at the Army War College. The 38-year-old major was building an unprecedented resume, and high-positioning authorities started to pay heed. General Douglas MacArthur, armed force head of staff, immediately searched out Major Eisenhower. By 1932, Eisenhower, positioned as an associate to MacArthur, started the dreary errand of building and preparing a Philippines armed force in Manila. Eisenhower proceeded with his obligation at hand with MacArthur’s Army in the Philippines for a long time. In 1939, Lieutenant Colonel Eisenhower got back. A generally little American armed force with respect to the size of the country existed in 1939. That would change with World War II. World War II9 With the danger of a subsequent world war near the precarious edge of unfurling, senior officials talented in association were on popularity †and Eisenhower’s hierarchical aptitudes were his solid suit. In 1941, he was elevated to the position of brigadier general. After the unexpected assault on Pearl Harbor, General George C. Marshall, the army’s head of staff, put Eisenhower responsible for the War Plans Division situated in Washington, D. C. In 1942, General Marshall put him in order of the intrusion of North Africa. In 1944, he was made Supreme Allied Commander for the intrusion of Normandy on D-Day and gave this well known message. The careful arranging Eisenhower had been answerable for supervising, paid off. Contrasted with the numbers in question, hardly any Allied soldiers were killed on D-Day, the special case being the setbacks at bleeding Omaha Beach, one of the arrival zones. From Normandy in northern France, the Allies pushed out and Paris was liberated in August. On December fifteenth, 1944, in acknowledgment of the work he had done, Eisenhower was elevated to the most noteworthy position in the American armed force †General of the Army. A five-star rank that was resigned after World War II. Only a couple of days after the fact, Eisenhower needed to set up barriers against the Germans’ shock counterattack in the Ardennes †the Battle of the Bulge. The Germans at long last gave up on May seventh, 1945. After the war, Eisenhower filled in as U. S. Armed force Chief of Staff. In 1948, he resigned from the military, later turning out to be leader of Columbia University, and afterward head of NATO in 1950. Leader of the United States Eisenhower was a well known president all through his two terms in office. With a crusade motto that couldn’t miss, â€Å"I like Ike,† Eisenhower and his VP, Richard M. You read Dwight D. Eisenhower Research Paper in classification Free Research Paper Samples Nixon, posted avalanche triumphs in both 1952 and 1956. His moderate Republican strategies helped him secure numerous triumphs in Congress, where Democrats held the lion's share during six of the eight years that Eisenhower was in the White House. Eisenhower assisted with fortifying such settled projects as Social Security and dispatch significant new ones, for example, the Interstate Highway System in 1956, which turned into the single biggest open works program in U. S. history. In local arrangement the president sought after a center course, proceeding with a large portion of the New Deal and Fair Deal projects, and underlining a reasonable spending plan. There were issues and disappointments just as accomplishments. In spite of the fact that he marked social liberties enactment in 1957 and 1960, Eisenhower loathed managing racial issues. He never embraced the Supreme Court’s administering in 1954, Brown v. Leading body of Education (Kansas), that racially isolated schools were illegal, and he neglected to utilize his ethical authority as president to ask rapid consistence with the court’s choice. In 1957, he sent government troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, when crowds attempted to hinder the integration of Central High School, however he did so on the grounds that he had an established commitment to maintain the law, not really in light of the fact that he bolstered incorporation. Eisenhower additionally shunned openly scrutinizing Senator Joseph McCarthy, who utilized his forces to mishandle the common freedoms of many residents whom he blamed for hostile to American exercises. Eisenhower secretly detested McCarthy, and he worked in the background with congressional pioneers to dissolve McCarthy’s impact. Eisenhower’s aberrant strategies in the long run worked, however they additionally delayed the senator’s power, since numerous individuals reasoned that even the president was reluctant to go up against McCarthy. In September 1955, Eisenhower endured a coronary failure in Denver, Colorado. Following seven weeks he left the medical clinic, and in February 1956 specialists detailed his recuperation. In November he was chosen for his subsequent term. Cold War a half year after he became president, Eisenhower made sure about an understanding that finished three years of battling in Korea. On just a single other event, in Lebanon in 1958, did Eisenhower send battle troops energetically. Notwithstanding, barrier spending stayed high as Eisenhower energetically pursued the Cold War, the intense ideological, political, military and financial challenge between Communist nations and the West, barely shy of hot war. He put new accentuation on atomic quality †prominently known as â€Å"massive retaliation† †to forestall the episode of universal war. Eisenhower likewise habitually approved the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to embrace mystery intercessions to oust unpleasant governments or secure dependable enemy of Communist pioneers whose force was compromised. The CIA toppled the administrations of Iran in 1953 and Guatemala in 1954, yet it endured a humiliating disappointment in 1958 when it interceded in Indonesia. Eisenhower kept away from war in Indochina in 1954 when he didn't approve an air strike to safeguard French soldiers at the vital Battle of Dien Bien Phu. After the French conceded autonomy to the countries of Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam), Eisenhower utilized U. S. force and distinction to help make a non-Communist government in South Vietnam, an activity that would apply terrible long haul outcomes. The passing of Joseph Stalin (1953), during Eisenhower’s first term in office, caused moves in relations with Russia. Eisenho

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay Example

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay Example Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay Name: Course: Mentor: Date: : Franklin Delano Roosevelt Presentation Being the thirty-second leader of the United States and the main president who has been chosen more than twice, Roy Jenkins has thought of some fascinating data with respect to his life in the White House. His political blessings, congressional accomplishments, his collaboration with other world pioneers, and his job in both the outside and residential dealings have all been featured in the book. The moves he made during his term in office are still felt to the current day. During his political life, he additionally conquered a disabled infection. This triumph became portrayal of different issues that he would defeat later on that would bring criticalness change to America as a nation and as a worldwide pioneer. Political Gifts His political endowments were obvious even before he assumed control over the presidential office. His work towards turning into the American president began in his past open workplaces. He had worked in the workplace of New York representative as the state’s senator. He had additionally functioned as an associate secretary in the Navy office, and he had recently become an individual from the New York state senate. These administration years had formed him into turning into a decent community worker. He had additionally done noteworthy works there subsequently the individuals had evidence of his value for the workplace he was competing for. His crusade tune â€Å"Happy Days are here Again† (68), assumed a job in his thrashing of his forerunner, Herbert Hoover. The president was loaded with confidence (certainty), and good faith. Because of these properties, he had the option to think of social and monetary projects that began the long procedure of recouping from the downturn that had been experienced during that period. The ‘New Deal’ is one of the significant changes that were made during his initial hundred days in the wake of assuming control over the administration office. In a specific order, assortments of projects were structured so as to give the individuals change, recuperation and help. Levy to such physical activities that were intended to satisfy the guarantees that had been made during his crusades; his verbal discourse had the option to assume a job in recovering the people’s trust in the legislature. During his time in office, he made great associations with so much individuals as Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill. Such connections would assist his with winning against the Germans and the Japanese in the Second World War. Locally, he made great associations with the individuals of different races. For instance, it was during his period that the African Americans were likewise posed an inquiry, for example, â€Å"Who are you casting a ballot for?† (100). Great connections and authority additionally helped in the solidarity and certainty among the individuals most definitely. In spite of the fact that he couldn't encounter the triumph over Germany and Japan, he was associated with the job he played. Innovative Leadership The Securities and Exchange Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Social Security, which were made during the initial four years of his authority, are as yet present today. This shows the adequacy of his advancement and imagination. The fifth Party System, Rural White Southerners and African Americans, white morals, huge city machines and the New Deal Coalition† (112) were all piece of his creation. His imaginative and guaranteeing talks had the option to keep the individuals of America quiet even in the warring days. As prior demonstrated, Roosevelt had made great relations with such extraordinary pioneers as Winston Churchill. Roosevelt had known about Nazi Germany hostilities and the intrusion of China by the Japanese. So as to vanquish them without ruining the picture of the country, he stayed unbiased in spite of the fact that he offered Britain and China both money related and political help. He was to plan America as the â€Å"Arsenal of Democracy† (115). He offered Lend-Lease to the nations, which were against Britain and Nazi Germany. War was made on Germany and Japan after the Pearl Harbor assault. This was on December 7, 1941. He additionally considered this day a â€Å"date which will live in infamy† (125). This caused him to get the nation’s support on his choice. End Franklin Delano Roosevelt is alluded to as the blazer of trails by the creator. This is a result of the different attributes he had and depicted. He allured extraordinary dependability to and from the individuals he drove. He had a motivating individual appeal, which made everyone around him stun. Be that as it may, the individuals who had helped him ascend to the position he was holding had all moved to the resistance. This likewise made him both fascinating and equivocal. His changeable nature strengthened the author’s observation as a blazer of trails. He was difficult to comprehend. In spite of the fact that he was a saint, he had various qualities that didn't acquire the chivalry him. For instance, he would settle on differing choices before settling on a ultimate choice on a given undertaking. On the off chance that it were a task, he would allot it to a person, after which, in the event that he discovered it excessively bulky; he would part the task with the goal that it was finished by various individuals. In the event that this end up being troublesome, he would disregard the issue inside and out (130). At the end of the day, he was erratic as much the same number of individuals depended upon his choices and dynamic procedure. Work refered to Jenkins, Roy, and Richard E. Neustadt. Franklin Delano Roosevelt. New York: Times Books, 2003. Print.

Want to Be One Step Ahead of Others

Want to Be One Step Ahead of Others Want to Be One Step Ahead of Others? Home›Education Posts›Want to Be One Step Ahead of Others? Education PostsAll people always want to be one step ahead of others. No matter if it is a school, college, or workplace, we desire to be the best pupil, student, or worker. People are such beings who always strive to be ahead of others. In such a way, we prove ourselves that we worth something. However, we always remember and know that there is someone who is better; that is why QualityCustomEssays.com offers some recommendations on how to be ahead of others, build self-confidence and develop a strong personality.First of all, be yourself. It is very important to be yourself as this means that you will not play different roles. Others like honest and unfeigned people. Don’t change yourself.Observe others. Keep your eye on other people. What are their skills? What is the best thing in their personality? Learn from others since there are a lot of things we can learn from our classmate s, co-workers, parents, friends, etc. All our life we learn something new from people we meet.Choose a person who is ahead from you. Find someone who is better than you. Compete with this person secretly. This will motivate you to improve your skills and develop self-confidence. However, be careful, do not be too serious as all people are different and maybe you do not have such skills as person you want to compete with.Be nice. Behave oneself, be humble, nice, solicitous. Do not be arrogant, it is very bad quality.Learn new things. Everyday, learn something new. There are a lot of unknown things in our world. We cannot know everything but we should strive to learn more and more interesting things.Look presentable. You should always be clean and well dressed. Clothes count for first impressions.Face your fears. Do not be afraid. You should find the strength and face you’re the most terrible fears. As soon as you overcome your fears, you will be stronger and more self-confident.If you want to be ahead of others, follow the abovementioned advice and you will be the best of the best!

Micro Economics Issues Paper - 979 Words

Running head: MICROECONOMICS ISSUES PAPER WEEK 3 Microeconomics Issues Paper Week 3 Les Coloma University of Phoenix Microeconomics Issues Paper Week 3 Introduction As hotel brands contend with the challenge of trying to cut costs during economically difficult times while still attempting to meet high customer expectations, overall satisfaction with hotels is down notably in 2008, according to the J.D. Power and associates 2008 North America Hotel Guest Satisfaction Index Study(SM) (WESTLAKE VILLAGE, Calif., July 29 PRNewswire). The study finds that problems with hotel/room maintenance are more common in 2008, compared with 2007, with this issue being one of the top five most frequently reported by guests across all†¦show more content†¦Sheraton guests will perk up with the familiar roasts and favorite flavors of Starbucks(R) coffee and Tazo(R) teas, to be offered in one cup brewers that enable users to prepare a single serving tailored to their current craving. Recommendation to the Sheraton Hotel Although the market is softening, Sheraton Hotel should continue to realize that now is not the time to ignore facility and room maintenance. The guests expect clean surroundings and rooms with everything in working order. Sheraton Hotel should not sacrificed maintenance standards in order to save on operating costs that could result sacrificing the satisfaction of guests. The technology amenities also need to be in top working order to avoid disappointing guests. In addition, while guests who visit luxury hotels tend to be somewhat more immune to price pressures, parking fees are becoming more commonplace and an increasing source of dissatisfaction among these guests, recommend complimentary and free valet parking for the customers. Sheraton Hotel should also continue to look for other resources or partner with other company that in order to continue to meet the supply and demand of Sheraton Hotel’s services. Conclusion Trying to cut costs during economically difficult times while still attempting to meet high customer expectations is a challenging task for any company. Sheraton challenge theShow MoreRelatedRole of Microfinance:- The micro credit of microfinance program was first initiated in the year600 Words   |  3 PagesMicrofinance:- The micro credit of microfinance program was first initiated in the year 1976 in Bangladesh with promise of providing credit to the poor without collateral , alleviating poverty and unleashing human creativity and endeavor of the poor people. Microfinance impact studies have demonstrated that : †¢ Microfinance helps poor households meet basic needs and protects them against risks. †¢ The use of financial services by low-income households leads to improvements in household economic welfare andRead MoreEfficient Credit Market in the Rural Areas of Deveoping Countries1628 Words   |  7 Pagesmany developed countries. This was an attempt to reduce the borrowing constraint that the poor farmers face and to improve the their access to small loans and deposits. The whole movement got an institutional structure in the beginning of 1980’s when micro-lending institutions such as Grameen Bank from Bangladesh and IRB from Indonesia showed that providing small loans to the poor individuals in large scale can turn out to be a profitable venture. In contrary to the donor or government driven subsidizedRead MoreUttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu: A Comparative Study in Micro-Finance1699 Words   |  7 Pages Literature Review- Studies analyzing the Micro Financing in India- Micro finance has been a field which has attracted a lot of research work. A review of the major research works of economists and sociologists provide us with interesting insights on issues related to microfinance. Seibel and Parhusib (1990) in their study mentioned that expansion of credit coverage through state interventions approach was largely based on the premise that rural micro entrepreneur are unable to organize themselvesRead MoreA Comprehensive Stochastic Mathe Matical Model Essay781 Words   |  4 Pagesin order to mitigate any transient issue. Furthermore, the proposed framework enhances system flexibility bycoordinating operations of DERs and thus makes the system furthercapable of handling dynamic matters with the least operation cost, as illustrated in the steady-state study. 5. Conclusions The significant increase in penetration of renewable energygeneration is expected to affect the operational aspects of powersystems and more specifically isolated micro grids that mainly relyon renewableRead MoreThe History of Micro-Credit as a Means for Development of Poor Nations1632 Words   |  7 Pagesagencies, in order to help the poor make money since the 1950’s. During the 1950s and1960s, the Indian government started disbursing loans to families in rural areas that worked in the agricultural sector as well as city-dwelling families to promote economic growth throughout India with collaboration with the Indian Government. Households in the agricultural market were divided into three different groups of workers who did different types of work. The ones doing similar work were put in the same groupRead MoreMethodological Individualism972 Words   |  4 PagesIn the social sciences, an endless debate is ongoing involving fundamental issues pertaining between methodologi cal individualism and methodological holism. The reason this is such a deep rooted heated debate amongst researchers is the fact that it touches upon our most deeply-seated beliefs about the nature of the individual and of society, our knowledge about these, and the idea of a good society (Udehn, 2002). According to Parsons (1937) methodological individualism is a claim in social phenomenaRead MoreImproving Electronic Patient Health Record System1675 Words   |  7 Pagesnational health care system, especially when it comes time for maintaining medical records. The United States falls behind on successfully implementing and maintaining electronic patient health record system on both a micro and macro level. Traditional patient health records are primarily paper based and all documentation is handwritten. Electronic health records (EHR), as reported by Shi and Singh â€Å"are IT applications that enable the processing of any electronically stored information pertaining to individualRead MoreCapital Structure of a Firm Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pagesfinancial distress that rise with increasing amount of debt. Towards the end of the 1970s, they noted, there was also discussion of signalling effects, such as the tendency for stock prices to fall significantly on the announcement of new equity issues and to rise on the news of stock buyouts. These effects seemed to confirm the existence of large information cost that could influence financing choices in the predictable ways.Myers (1984), however, noted that there is a conflict which has existedRead MoreStandalone Pv System Essay951 Words   |  4 Pagessaving the peaks and to transfer as much of the flexible demand as possible way from p eak time into periods of lower activity. The aim of my paper is to design a conceptual model, which designes the Domains included Applications and Actors related to Demand Side Management and smart metering. This paper focuses on demand side management (DSM) of households. The paper proposes power grid enhancement DSM techniques to form a system. The two techniques are: a) advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and b)Read MoreDifference Between Micro And Macro Economics895 Words   |  4 Pages1. What is the difference between micro and macro economics? Give an example of a microeconomic phenomenon and an example of a macroeconomic one. If you look at the definition of the word micro, some words that come to mind are small and extremely tiny. Therefore, we can look at microeconomics as dealing with small quantities of the whole or specifics. At this end, microeconomics deals with things at an individual level and studies issues such as consumer behavior, individual labor market and supply

The American Dream Not Ending Perfectly By Lorraine...

A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, it s one of her realistic masterpieces. The play expresses an African American family stand out in their respective to chase the American dream by experiencing contradictions and conflicts. Although in the play, the American dream not ending perfectly, the dramatis personae in the play, particularly mother Lena Younger, did not show any improvement by moving into a white neighborhood. To have a better understanding of Lena, I am going to interpret her through exploring her physical, spiritual and social space, to understand the perplexities and helplessness of this seemingly strong mother. Lena s physical space is cramped and oppressive. The play had begun with a detailed description of the department that Lena lived in. Living room, kitchen, and decoration are all stand out, like a person suffered in grievances, it talked and endured everything. Fatigue, the entire apartment gives a feeling of tiredness, overwhelmed. The furniture has been carefully selected because been used too long and appeared weary; the ornaments were trying to extrude out the couch by going layer by layer; a chair used to block the broken mat; the sofa was desperately to display its own dilapidated parts openly. Fatigue is the main tone of the apartment, as what Lena lived in, as what the irrepressible life brings her mental and physical fatigue. Narrow, cramped, the small portion was set aside the small living room became the kitchen. The living room

Apa module assignment Free Essays

Association was founded in 1929 by a group of psychologists, anthropologist and research scholars. It is a method of formatting and citing the idea inside the document which was originally used by someone else in their article. In other words, PAP Is the style of giving proper citation to a statement, quote or idea of others that helps the reader for quick reference at the end of the paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Apa module assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now It enhances the legitimacy and originality of the writer. PAP Tyler Is worldwide accepted form of writing papers, where In text citation and references at the end of the paper proves the genuineness of the writing by Glenn proper acknowledgement to the original Idea of the writer. In-text citation Is used when writer Is using someone else’s thoughts and quotes. In-text citations are necessary even If someone else’s thoughts which are already published are written In your own words. In-text citations are Important, else Its considered as plagiarism that means to take someone else’s work and prove to be yours own. In-text citations can be given by following few simple steps. There are different software’s and even word documents that help for citations. In my previous assignment on school bullies I used the In-text citations. Example: Goodman (2013) provides facts and findings in the article, Bullied Kids Often Develop Physical Symptoms, Study Says, about the children bullied at school. According to the research among 220,000 school aged kids and 14 countries, it has been proven that frequent and unexpected physical illness is moon in school children when they are victims of bullying (Goodman (2013),Para. ). If we want to include any direct quotes in the document, it should be cited properly. Direct quotes are original words of the author and needs to be acknowledged by in-text citations. This can be done by following simple steps. Direct quotes should be included in inverted commas and needs to be in exact words as mentioned in the original source. Further it should have authors name a nd year the article was published. It’s a good habit if we include page number or Para number or reference. All this is included in parenthesis. Finally at the very end of the paper Is the reference page which included the detail of the in-text citation. Example: â€Å"The results of this study suggest that any recurrent and unexplained physical symptom can be a warning sign of bullying,† (Gigantic Gin, 2013, Para. 5). Pap module assignment By insomnia someone else in their article. In other words, PAP is the style of giving proper citation style is worldwide accepted form of writing papers, where in text citation and preferences at the end of the paper proves the genuineness of the writing by giving proper acknowledgement to the original idea of the writer. In-text citation is used when writer is using someone else’s thoughts and quotes. In-text citations are necessary even if someone else’s thoughts which are already published are written in your own words. In-text citations are important, else its considered as plagiarism that common in school children when they are victims of bullying (Goodman (Barbara. Is the reference page which included the detail of the in-text citation. Example. How to cite Apa module assignment, Papers

Sexual Deviance Essay Example For Students

Sexual Deviance Essay Addiction to sexual activities can be just as destructive as addiction to chemical substances. Addicts may jeopardize their marriage and family relationships, allow their job performance to deteriorate, and endanger themselves and their partner through multiple sexual exposures. Even though they realize the consequences, they cannot control their compulsions without appropriate treatment. The author explains how to spot addicts and coaddicts among your patients. For most people, sex enhances the quality of life. However, about 3% to 6% of Americans have sexual addiction(1). Through their addiction, they may injure themselves physically, experience psychological distress, lose their livelihood, and ruin meaningful relationships. Sexual addiction often coexists with chemical dependency, and untreated sexual addiction contributes to relapse to chemical use. These patients not only endanger themselves but also put their loved ones at risk for AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Physicians can help by learning about this phenomenon, which is gaining increasing attention in behavioral medicine, and then educating these patients and their families. Criteria for sexual addiction The concept of sexual addiction was introduced less than 10 years ago(2). It not only provides an explanation for otherwise irrational behavior but also suggests effective treatment for patients who have not been helped by more traditional therapy.The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, revised third edition (DSMIIIR)(3), lists nine criteria for chemical dependency (table 1). The presence of three establishes the diagnosis. Most of the criteria concern behavior: Two indicate decreased control, one .shows preoccupation with obtaining and using the substance, and three reflect continued use despite negative consequences. These criteria can be used to diagnose other addictions as well. Goodman(4) proposed a set of diagnostic criteria for addictive disorder that may be modified and applied to sexual behavior (table2). Any behavior that is used to produce gratification and escape internal discomfort can be engaged in compulsively and can constitute an addictive disorder. Compulsive gambling(5), spending, and overeating meet these criteria as well. Characteristic findings of any addictive disorder are the following: Compulsivity, that is, loss of the ability to choose freely whether to stop or to continue. Continuation of the behavior despite adverse consequences, such as loss of health, job, marriage, or freedom. Obsession with the activity. All of the patients in the following illustrative case reports exhibited these findings. CASE 1: A 28yearold homosexual man spent evenings cruising local parks, public restrooms, and pornographic bookstores for sexual contacts. This activity consumed several hours a day. His primary outlet was sex with multiple anonymous partners. When he learned that the majority of gay men in his city had tested positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), he began to worry constantly about his risk of contracting AIDS. Still, he was unable to change his unsafe sexual practices despite repeated promises to himself to do so. CASE 2: A 52yearold married minister had a 10year history of sexual involvement with female parishioners who came to him for counseling. He experienced marital stress because he was often away from home in the evenings counseling rather than spending rime with his family. Overcome by remorse and guilt, he promised to break off with the women. However, he was unable to avoid new involvements. After several women came forward with their stories, the minister was fired, evicted from his churchowned house, and publicly humiliated. He and his wife moved to another state, where she supported them with her teaching income. CASE 3: A 32yearold woman from a rigidly religious family married an alcoholic. After 2 years of marriage, she became involved in what was to be the first of many extramarital affairs. To prevent detection by her husband, she withdrew from him emotionally and neglected the marital relationship. She recognized that she was not spending enough time with her children. Despite feelings of guilt, she did not seek help until she cheated on her new lover. CASE 4: A 50yearold married business executive neglected sales calls when out of town and visited massage parlors and prostitutes, despite knowledge that he was risking HIV infection. He was once an effective salesman, but his work performance suffered because of his sexual pursuits. He took alternative routes on trips in an effort to avoid massage parlors, but he was unable to control his urge to visit these establishments. His wife learned about his sexual activities when he was arrested for soliciting sex from an undercover policewoman posing as a prostitute. At that point, his marriage was in jeopardy, his children and friends shocked, and his job future uncertain. Table 1 Criteria for chemica l dependency 1.Substance often taken in larger amounts or for a longer period than intended (control) 2.Persistent desire for the substance or one or more unsuccessful efforts to reduce or control substance use (control) 3.Much time spent in obtaining the substance, taking it, or recovering from its effects (preoccupation) 4.Frequent intoxication when expected to fulfill major obligations at work, school, or home or recurrent use in physically hazardous situations (negativeconsequences) 5.Abandonment or restriction of important social, occupational, or recreational activities because of substance use (negative consequences) 6.Continued substance use despite a persistent or recurrent social, psychological, or physical problem that is caused or exacerbated by use of the substance (negative consequences) 7.Need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve the desired effect, or markedly diminished effect withcontinued use of same amount (tolerance) 8.Presence of character istic withdrawal symptoms (withdrawal) 9 Basic discription of microbiology Essay